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Certain political parties or positions have become associated with different colours at different times.
Colours
- Black is primarily associated with anarchism (see anarchist symbolism).
- In the countries with a history of anti-clericalism in Europe and elsewhere in the late 19th century and early 20th century centuries, the officials of the Catholic Church, because their vestments are often black, were called the Black International.
- In Germany, it is the colour of Christian democrats, along with orange.
- Black is sometimes associated with fascism (see blackshirts)
- In the Islamic world, black flags (often with a white shahada) are sometimes used by Political islamism groups.
- Blue, particularly dark blue, is often associated with conservatism parties, originating from its use by that party of the United Kingdom.
- Light blue (azure) is used for the field of the flag of the United Nations. Though it was idealistically chosen to represent peace and hope, one use of the colour has appeared that refers to dealings with the UN in realpolitik terms, namely bluewashing. In politics, light blue is often attributed to liberalism in the same way the dark blue is the colour of political conservatism.
- However, for much of the nineteenth century, the 'blues' in both France and Italy were moderate reforming conservatives, while the absolutist monarchists were whites.
- Another anomaly is that, in the USA, since the United States presidential election, 2000, blue is associated with the liberal Democratic Party of the United States instead of the conservative Republican Party (United States) (see red state vs. blue state divide) .
- In 2006, students of the prestigious Jesuit-run university in the Philippines, the Ateneo de Manila University, began wearing blue shirts on which was written "Blue: The New Color of the Revolution." Blue is the school colour.
- Brown has been associated with working class Nazism, because the Sturmabteilung (commonly known as the SA) were called "brownshirts". In Europe and elsewhere in the twentieth century, fascists were sometimes called the Brown International.
- Gray was chosen by the German political writer Paul de Lagarde as the symbol of liberals in the nineteenth-century sense (or current European one), which he called the Gray International.
- Green is the colour for worldwide green parties worldwide.
- Sea green was used as a symbol by members of the Levellers in 17th century Early Modern Britain; for this reason, it is occasionally used to represent radical liberalism or libertarianism.
- Irish Nationalist movements have used the colour green for centuries. This colour is also used by the Irish Government.
- Green has sometimes also been linked to agrarian movements, such as the Populist Party in the US in the 1890s.
- Green, considered the holy colour of Islam, is also used by some Islamists, such as Hamas.
- Orange (colour) is sometimes associated with Christian Democratic Party and sometimes various kinds of Populism parties. Such is the case in Germany, France, Switzerland, Finland, Hungary, Bolivia, Canada. Following the Ukrainian 'Orange Revolution', the colour has been used by groups and organizations in the Middle East, such as in Free Patriotic Movement, Independent Palestine, Kifaya and Waad.
- In the UK and Ireland orange is associated with Unionism (Ireland) and the Orange Institution.
- In The Netherlands orange is linked to various right-wing and monarchist parties, because of the name Orange of the royal house, and the national association with the colour.
- Red is traditional colour of socialism and communism, see Red flag.
- In several Latin American countries, Red is associated with liberal parties.
- In the United States since 2000, it is associated with the conservative Republican Party (United States).
- White has been linked to pacifism (as in the surrender flag) and to independent politicians like Martin Bell.
- Historically, it was associated with support for absolutist monarchists, first for supporters of the Bourbon dynasty of France, because it was the dynasty's colour. Later it was used by the Czarist Whites in the Russian Revolution of 1917, because their purpose was similar. In the civil war following the independence of Finland in 1917, white was used by the conservative and democratic forces which stood against the socialist red forces.
- In Italy it is the colour, with red, of Catholic parties, because of the symbol of the blazon Argent, a cross Gules.
- In much of Europe, yellow is the colour associated with liberalism/libertarianism, including the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe and the Liberal Party (UK).
- Yellow is also associated with Judaism and the Jewish people (see also Yellow badge). In the nineteenth century in Europe, anti-Semites sometimes referred to Jews collectively as the Yellow International. This derives from the name of a German book, The Golden International.
- Saffron (color) is the colour used to represent Hindutva.
Exceptions and variations
Notable exceptions and variations to the above colour schemes are:
- In Politics of Australia, the Australian Labor Party will typically use red, and the Liberal Party of Australia typically blue, however this does conform to the above colour scheme as the "liberal" party is in reality conservative and the ALP has historically identified itself as a social-democratic party. The use is essentially the same as the use of blue and red by the British Conservative and Labour Parties. The Australian Greens use green, while a green-and-gold combination is used both by the National Party of Australia and the Australian Democrats. The colours for the latter, however, are not ideological in nature, but are derived from the fact that Australia's national colours are green and gold.
- In Politics of Austria, the Social Democrats are traditionally branded red while the conservative Austrian People's Party is associated with black. The far-right nationalist Freedom Party of Austria is blue and the Green's colour is green.
- In Politics of Canada, the official colour for the social-democratic New Democratic Party is orange (colour), while the Liberal Party of Canada uses red, the Conservative Party of Canada uses blue, and the Bloc Québécois uses light blue.
- In Politics of Germany, the Social Democrats (SPD) are traditionally branded red while the conservative Christian Democrats (Christian_Democratic_Union_%28Germany%29) are black and orange. The liberal Freie_Demokratische_Partei is yellow, Alliance '90/The Greens are unsurprisingly green and the socialist The Left (Germany) are red. In East Germany, the FDJ of the communist party used a blue flag. The Bavarian Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria, regional sister party of the CDU, uses light blue.
- In Politics of Mexico, the leftist Democratic Revolution Party uses yellow. The Right-Wing PAN uses blue and white, the colours of the Virgin of Guadalupe, symbol of Mexican Catholicism.
- In the Politics of the Netherlands, three parties use green; the centre-left Democraten 66 use light green and both the Christian Democrats (Christian Democratic Appeal) and the animal-rights party Partij voor de Dieren use a darker green. Additionally, Green Left uses both green and red to represent its blend of ecologism and leftism. There are two socialist parties, that use red, the PvdA (Labour) and ] (Socialist Party). SP uses a brighter red, the colour of their logo, a tomato. PvdA uses the darker red of their logo, a stylised rose.
- In Politics of Northern Ireland, the Unionism (Ireland) parties in the Northern Ireland Assembly are called the "orange block" and the Irish Nationalism parties are the "green block".
- In Politics of Portugal, the moderate conservatives (Social-Democrat Party, whose name may cause confusion, since it is not a traditional social-democrat party, but much more right-leaning) are orange and the socialists are pink.
- In the Politics of the United Kingdom (excluding Northern Ireland), where electoral rosettes are commonly worn for campaigns, the Conservative Party (UK) use dark blue; Labour Party (UK), red; and the Liberal Democrats (UK), yellow. The Labour Party has recently used bold red with yellow lettering in areas of majority Labour support but also more purple tones in marginal Conservative areas. With many other smaller parties choosing their own colour schemes, Independents unsurprisingly use white. Notably the single issue UK Independence Party has chosen to use the non-aligned colour purple with yellow. The Right-Wing British National Party is noted for using the colours of the Union Jack.
- Additionally some of the established political parties use or have used colour variations in their own locality. For instance the traditionally colour of the Penrith & the Border Conservative Party (UK) is yellow, and not dark blue. Also the traditionally colour of the Warwickshire Liberals was green, and not orange/yellow.
- In the Politics of the United States there is no official association between political parties and specific colours. The two major political parties use the national colours — red, white, and blue — to show their patriotism. The only common situation in which it has been necessary to assign a single colour to a party has been in the production of political maps in graphical displays of election results. In such cases, there has historically been no consistent association of particular parties with particular colours. In the weeks following the 2000 election, however, there arose the terminology of blue states and red states, in which the conservative United States Republican Party was associated with red and the liberal United States Democratic Party with blue. Political observers subsequently latched on to this association, which resulted from the use of red for Republican victories and blue for Democratic victories on the display map of a television network. This association has certainly not been consistently applied in the past: during previous presidential elections, about half of the television networks used the opposite association. In 2004, the association was mostly kept.
There is some historical use of blue for Democrats and red for Republicans — in the late 19th century and early 20th century, Texas county election boards used colour coding to help Spanish speakers and illiterates identify the parties. However, this system was not applied consistently in Texas and was not picked up on a national level.
Maps for presidential elections produced by the U.S. government use the opposite system, with red for Democrats and blue for Republicans — for example, see U.S. presidential election, 1992. Nevertheless, since the 2000 election the news media have tended to use red for Republicans and blue for Democrats, especially as it relates to the electoral majority in each US States, informally calling them the Red states and Blue states. The colour green is often used for the United States Green Party, and the colour yellow is often used for the United States Libertarian Party. A February 2004 article in the New York Times examined this issue..
List of colours associated with different parties in various countries
Austria
Australia
Bahrain
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
Denmark
- Liberalisterne: Orange
- Venstre (Denmark): Blue
- Conservative People's Party (Denmark): Green
- Enhedslisten (De Rød-Grønne): Red and Green
- Socialdemokraterne: Red
- Socialist People's Party (Denmark): Red
Finland
- National Coalition Party (Finland) (Kansallinen Kokoomus/Nationella Samlingspartiet): Blue
- Kristillisdemokraatit (Kristillisdemokraatit/Kristdemokraterna): Blue and Orange
- Liberals (Finland) (Liberaalit/Liberalerna): Yellow
- Centre Party (Finland) (Suomen Keskusta/Centern i Finland): Green
- Social Democratic Party of Finland (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue/Finlands Socialdemokratiska Parti): Red
- Swedish People's Party (Ruotsalainen Kansanpuolue/Svenska Folkpartiet): Red and Yellow
- Left Alliance (Finland) (Vasemmistoliitto/Vänsterförbundet): Red
- Green League (Vihreä liitto|Gröna Förbundet): Green
France
Germany
Greece
Guinea
- PUP: Green
- RPG: Yellow
- UFP: Blue
Hungary
India
Italy
- Communists and socialists (Rifondazione Comunista, Party of Italian Communists, etc.): red.
- Socialists have the dianthus and Radicals the rose.
- Fascists (historical, still used by neo-fascist groups): black.
- Catholic parties: white (secondly, red).
- Catholic and moderate parties are considered nor leftist nor rightist, but centrist.
- Neo Liberals (Forza Italia, etc.): light blue.
- Lega Nord (autonomist) and Verdi (environmentalist): green.
Republic of Ireland
Israel
Lebanon
Mexico
- PRI Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Revolutionary Institutional Party): Red, white and Green
- PRD Partido de la Revolución Democrática (Democratic Revolution Party)Yellow and Black
- National Action Party (Mexico) Partido Acción Nacional (National Action Party) Blue and White
- PT Partido del Trabajo (Labour Party) Red
- PVEM Partido Verde Ecologista de México (Ecologist Green Party of Mexico) Green
- PCD Partido Convergencia para la Democracia (Democratic Convergence Party) Orange and Blue
Netherlands
Norway
New Zealand
Poland
Portugal
Sierra Leone
- All People's Congress: red
- People's Movement for Democratic Change: orange
- Sierra Leone People's Party: green
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Republic of China
Pan-blue coalition (blue):
Pan-green coalition (green):
- Democratic Progressive Party: green
- Taiwan Solidarity Union: light brown
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
- United States Democratic Party: No single official colour, but increasingly associated with blue (see discussion above)
- United States Republican Party: No single official colour, but increasingly associated with red (see discussion above)
- United States Green Party: green
- United States Libertarian Party: The official colour is a particular shade of blue, but the party is at times also associated with yellow.
- Constitution Party (United States): red, white, and blue
- Reform Party of the United States of America: red and blue
- Communist Party USA, Socialist Party USA, Socialist Workers Party (United States), Vermont Progressive Party: red
- American Patriot Party: red, white, and blue
Venezuela
Yugoslavia
Shirts associated with right-wing parties
In the first half of the twentieth century, various fascist and other right-wing groups adopted uniforms and were often nicknamed according to the colour of their shirts:
See also
References
Certain political parties or positions have become associated with different colours at different times.
Colours
- Black is primarily associated with anarchism (see anarchist symbolism).
- In the countries with a history of anti-clericalism in Europe and elsewhere in the late 19th century and early 20th century centuries, the officials of the Catholic Church, because their vestments are often black, were called the Black International.
- In Germany, it is the colour of Christian democrats, along with orange.
- Black is sometimes associated with fascism (see blackshirts)
- In the Islamic world, black flags (often with a white shahada) are sometimes used by Political islamism groups.
- Blue, particularly dark blue, is often associated with conservatism parties, originating from its use by that party of the United Kingdom.
- Light blue (azure) is used for the field of the flag of the United Nations. Though it was idealistically chosen to represent peace and hope, one use of the colour has appeared that refers to dealings with the UN in realpolitik terms, namely bluewashing. In politics, light blue is often attributed to liberalism in the same way the dark blue is the colour of political conservatism.
- However, for much of the nineteenth century, the 'blues' in both France and Italy were moderate reforming conservatives, while the absolutist monarchists were whites.
- Another anomaly is that, in the USA, since the United States presidential election, 2000, blue is associated with the liberal Democratic Party of the United States instead of the conservative Republican Party (United States) (see red state vs. blue state divide) .
- In 2006, students of the prestigious Jesuit-run university in the Philippines, the Ateneo de Manila University, began wearing blue shirts on which was written "Blue: The New Color of the Revolution." Blue is the school colour.
- Brown has been associated with working class Nazism, because the Sturmabteilung (commonly known as the SA) were called "brownshirts". In Europe and elsewhere in the twentieth century, fascists were sometimes called the Brown International.
- Gray was chosen by the German political writer Paul de Lagarde as the symbol of liberals in the nineteenth-century sense (or current European one), which he called the Gray International.
- Gray is also historically associated with the Confederate States of America because of the gray Confederate uniforms.
- Green is the colour for worldwide green parties worldwide.
- Sea green was used as a symbol by members of the Levellers in 17th century Early Modern Britain; for this reason, it is occasionally used to represent radical liberalism or libertarianism.
- Irish Nationalist movements have used the colour green for centuries. This colour is also used by the Irish Government.
- Green has sometimes also been linked to agrarian movements, such as the Populist Party in the US in the 1890s.
- Green, considered the holy colour of Islam, is also used by some Islamists, such as Hamas.
- Orange (colour) is sometimes associated with Christian Democratic Party and sometimes various kinds of Populism parties. Such is the case in Germany, France, Switzerland, Finland, Hungary, Bolivia, Canada. Following the Ukrainian 'Orange Revolution', the colour has been used by groups and organizations in the Middle East, such as in Free Patriotic Movement, Independent Palestine, Kifaya and Waad.
- Red is traditional colour of socialism and communism, see Red flag.
- In several Latin American countries, Red is associated with liberal parties.
- In the United States since 2000, it is associated with the conservative Republican Party (United States).
- White has been linked to pacifism (as in the surrender flag) and to independent politicians like Martin Bell.
- Historically, it was associated with support for absolutist monarchists, first for supporters of the Bourbon dynasty of France, because it was the dynasty's colour. Later it was used by the Czarist Whites in the Russian Revolution of 1917, because their purpose was similar. In the civil war following the independence of Finland in 1917, white was used by the conservative and democratic forces which stood against the socialist red forces.
- In Italy it is the colour, with red, of Catholic parties, because of the symbol of the blazon Argent, a cross Gules.
- In much of Europe, yellow is the colour associated with liberalism/libertarianism, including the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe and the Liberal Party (UK).
- Yellow is also associated with Judaism and the Jewish people (see also Yellow badge). In the nineteenth century in Europe, anti-Semites sometimes referred to Jews collectively as the Yellow International. This derives from the name of a German book, The Golden International.
- Saffron (color) is the colour used to represent Hindutva.
Exceptions and variations
Notable exceptions and variations to the above colour schemes are:
- In Politics of Australia, the Australian Labor Party will typically use red, and the Liberal Party of Australia typically blue, however this does conform to the above colour scheme as the "liberal" party is in reality conservative and the ALP has historically identified itself as a social-democratic party. The use is essentially the same as the use of blue and red by the British Conservative and Labour Parties. The Australian Greens use green, while a green-and-gold combination is used both by the National Party of Australia and the Australian Democrats. The colours for the latter, however, are not ideological in nature, but are derived from the fact that Australia's national colours are green and gold.
- In Politics of Austria, the Social Democrats are traditionally branded red while the conservative Austrian People's Party is associated with black. The far-right nationalist Freedom Party of Austria is blue and the Green's colour is green.
- In Politics of Mexico, the leftist Democratic Revolution Party uses yellow. The Right-Wing PAN uses blue and white, the colours of the Virgin of Guadalupe, symbol of Mexican Catholicism.
- In the Politics of the Netherlands, three parties use green; the centre-left Democraten 66 use light green and both the Christian Democrats (Christian Democratic Appeal) and the animal-rights party Partij voor de Dieren use a darker green. Additionally, Green Left uses both green and red to represent its blend of ecologism and leftism. There are two socialist parties, that use red, the PvdA (Labour) and ] (Socialist Party). SP uses a brighter red, the colour of their logo, a tomato. PvdA uses the darker red of their logo, a stylised rose.
- In Politics of Portugal, the moderate conservatives (Social-Democrat Party, whose name may cause confusion, since it is not a traditional social-democrat party, but much more right-leaning) are orange and the socialists are pink.
- In the Politics of the United Kingdom (excluding Northern Ireland), where electoral rosettes are commonly worn for campaigns, the Conservative Party (UK) use dark blue; Labour Party (UK), red; and the Liberal Democrats (UK), yellow. The Labour Party has recently used bold red with yellow lettering in areas of majority Labour support but also more purple tones in marginal Conservative areas. With many other smaller parties choosing their own colour schemes, Independents unsurprisingly use white. Notably the single issue UK Independence Party has chosen to use the non-aligned colour purple with yellow. The Right-Wing British National Party is noted for using the colours of the Union Jack.
- Additionally some of the established political parties use or have used colour variations in their own locality. For instance the traditionally colour of the Penrith & the Border Conservative Party (UK) is yellow, and not dark blue. Also the traditionally colour of the Warwickshire Liberals was green, and not orange/yellow.
- In the Politics of the United States there is no official association between political parties and specific colours. The two major political parties use the national colours — red, white, and blue — to show their patriotism. The only common situation in which it has been necessary to assign a single colour to a party has been in the production of political maps in graphical displays of election results. In such cases, there has historically been no consistent association of particular parties with particular colours. In the weeks following the 2000 election, however, there arose the terminology of blue states and red states, in which the conservative United States Republican Party was associated with red and the liberal United States Democratic Party with blue. Political observers subsequently latched on to this association, which resulted from the use of red for Republican victories and blue for Democratic victories on the display map of a television network. This association has certainly not been consistently applied in the past: during previous presidential elections, about half of the television networks used the opposite association. In 2004, the association was mostly kept.
There is some historical use of blue for Democrats and red for Republicans — in the late 19th century and early 20th century, Texas county election boards used colour coding to help Spanish speakers and illiterates identify the parties. However, this system was not applied consistently in Texas and was not picked up on a national level.
Maps for presidential elections produced by the U.S. government use the opposite system, with red for Democrats and blue for Republicans — for example, see U.S. presidential election, 1992. Nevertheless, since the 2000 election the news media have tended to use red for Republicans and blue for Democrats, especially as it relates to the electoral majority in each US States, informally calling them the Red states and Blue states. The colour green is often used for the United States Green Party, and the colour yellow is often used for the United States Libertarian Party. A February 2004 article in the New York Times examined this issue..
List of colours associated with different parties in various countries
Austria
Australia
Bahrain
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
Denmark
Finland
- National Coalition Party (Finland) (Kansallinen Kokoomus/Nationella Samlingspartiet): Blue
- Kristillisdemokraatit (Kristillisdemokraatit/Kristdemokraterna): Blue and Orange
- Liberals (Finland) (Liberaalit/Liberalerna): Yellow
- Centre Party (Finland) (Suomen Keskusta/Centern i Finland): Green
- Social Democratic Party of Finland (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue/Finlands Socialdemokratiska Parti): Red
- Swedish People's Party (Ruotsalainen Kansanpuolue/Svenska Folkpartiet): Red and Yellow
- Left Alliance (Finland) (Vasemmistoliitto/Vänsterförbundet): Red
- Green League (Vihreä liitto|Gröna Förbundet): Green
France
- National Front (France): brown or black
- The Greens (France): green
- Revolutionary Communist League (France): dark red
- Workers' Struggle: dark red
- National Republican Movement: brown
- French Communist Party: red
- Party of the Workers: dark red
- Left Radical Party: light pink, gold
- French Socialist Party: pink
- Liberal Alternative: purple
- Democratic Movement (France): orange
- Union for French Democracy: orange, light blue
- Union for a Popular Movement: blue
Germany
- Alliance '90/The Greens: green
- Christian Democratic Union of Germany: black and orange
- Christian Social Union of Bavaria: blue
- Free Democratic Party of Germany: yellow (or yellow and blue)
- The Left (Germany): purple, magenta or dark red
- Social Democratic Party of Germany: red
Greece
- ND (Nea Dimokratia): blue
- PASOK (Panellinion Sosialistikon Kinima): green
- KKE (Kommounistikon Komma Ellados): red
- SYN (Synaspismos): multiple colours
- LAOS (Laikos Orthodoxos Synagermos: blue, white
- Oikologoi: green
Guinea
- PUP: Green
- RPG: Yellow
- UFP: Blue
Hungary
India
Italy
- Communists and socialists (Rifondazione Comunista, Party of Italian Communists, etc.): red.
- Socialists have the dianthus and Radicals the rose.
- Fascists (historical, still used by neo-fascist groups): black.
- Catholic parties: white (secondly, red).
- Catholic and moderate parties are considered nor leftist nor rightist, but centrist.
- Neo Liberals (Forza Italia, etc.): light blue.
- Lega Nord (autonomist) and Verdi (environmentalist): green.
Republic of Ireland
Israel
- Hadash: red
- Meretz: green, yellow
- The Greens (Israel): green
Lebanon
- Free Patriotic Movement: orange
- Future Movement: blue
- Progressive Socialist Party: red
- Amal Movement: green
- Hezbollah: yellow
Mexico
- PRI Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Revolutionary Institutional Party): Red, white and Green
- PRD Partido de la Revolución Democrática (Democratic Revolution Party)Yellow and Black
- National Action Party (Mexico) Partido Acción Nacional (National Action Party) Blue and White
- PT Partido del Trabajo (Labour Party) Red
- PVEM Partido Verde Ecologista de México (Ecologist Green Party of Mexico) Green
- PCD Partido Convergencia para la Democracia (Democratic Convergence Party) Orange and Blue
Netherlands
Norway
New Zealand
Poland
- Citizens Platform: blue and orange
- Law and Justice: dark blue
- Polish Peasant Party: green
Portugal
Sierra Leone
- All People's Congress: red
- People's Movement for Democratic Change: orange
- Sierra Leone People's Party: green
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Republic of China
Pan-blue coalition (
blue):
Pan-green coalition (green):
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
- United States Democratic Party: No single official colour, but increasingly associated with blue (see discussion above)
- United States Republican Party: No single official colour, but increasingly associated with red (see discussion above)
- United States Green Party: green
- United States Libertarian Party: The official colour is a particular shade of blue, but the party is at times also associated with yellow.
- Constitution Party (United States): red, white, and blue
- Reform Party of the United States of America: red and blue
- Communist Party USA, Socialist Party USA, Socialist Workers Party (United States), Vermont Progressive Party: red
- American Patriot Party: red, white, and blue
Venezuela
Yugoslavia
- Communist Party of Yugoslavia: red
Shirts associated with right-wing parties
In the first half of the
twentieth century, various fascist and other right-wing groups adopted uniforms and were often nicknamed according to the colour of their shirts:
See also
References
